SAP ERP wasn’t just an upgrade—it was a paradigm shift. A new way of thinking about enterprise systems. And it all started with a dream about the General Ledger. Who says accounting isn’t glamorous?

Ever wondered if SAP was born from a bold dream to unite databases and programming beneath the majestic banner of the General Ledger? Well, rewind to the early 1970s—when bell-bottoms were flaring and computers were just escaping the confines of government labs—and you'll find the origin story of SAP: a vision of real-time business harmony.

SAP ERP, developed by the forward-thinking folks at SAP SE, is an integrated software suite that helps organizations orchestrate operations across departments via a single, unified system. Think of it as the backstage crew that makes the entire corporate performance run on cue—delivering real-time insights, centralized data, and automation so slick it could make a pivot table faint.

At its heart, SAP was founded on a radical premise for its time: fuse databases with programming logic to streamline General Ledger accounting. But that was merely the opening act. What began as a practical solution for financial reporting evolved into a full-blown mission—building an ecosystem where business processes could operate in seamless, real-time coordination.

Before SAP, businesses ran on a patchwork of disconnected systems—a sort of digital Tower of Babel. Finance had one tool, sales had another, inventory had something cobbled together in the back room—and none of them spoke the same language. Accounting was particularly cursed: data was manually reconciled, and batch processing meant "real-time" often translated to “see you tomorrow.”

Then SAP walked in with an idea so novel it bordered on science fiction: real-time, integrated business operations. Suddenly, your systems could talk to each other. The ledger didn’t have to wait until midnight to catch up. Errors could be caught early, decisions made faster, and the business started humming like a well-tuned data symphony.

SAP Modules with their heritage

SAP Module Origin Description Replacement / Future Direction
FI (Financial Accounting) SAP Innovation Core module for external accounting, including G/L, A/P, A/R, and asset accounting SAP S/4HANA Finance (Central Finance)
CO (Controlling) SAP Innovation Internal reporting, cost centers, profit centers, and performance tracking SAP S/4HANA Finance
MM (Materials Management) SAP Innovation Procurement, inventory, and material master data SAP S/4HANA Sourcing & Procurement
SD (Sales and Distribution) SAP Innovation Sales order processing, pricing, shipping, and billing SAP S/4HANA Sales
PP (Production Planning) SAP Innovation Planning and control of manufacturing processes SAP S/4HANA Manufacturing
QM (Quality Management) SAP Innovation Quality planning, inspection, and control Integrated in SAP S/4HANA
PM (Plant Maintenance) SAP Innovation Maintenance planning and execution SAP S/4HANA Asset Management
HCM (Human Capital Management) SAP Innovation Employee lifecycle, payroll, time, and org management SuccessFactors
WM (Warehouse Management) SAP Innovation Inventory and warehouse operations SAP Extended Warehouse Management (EWM)
PS (Project System) SAP Innovation Project planning, execution, and control SAP S/4HANA Project System
CS (Customer Service) SAP Innovation Service orders, repairs, and customer support SAP S/4HANA Service
LE (Logistics Execution) SAP Innovation Transportation and warehouse management SAP EWM and Transportation Management
BW (Business Warehouse) SAP Innovation Enterprise data warehousing and OLAP SAP BW/4HANA, moving to SAP Datasphere
CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Acquisition (Hybris) Sales, marketing, and service processes SAP Customer Experience (C/4HANA)
SRM (Supplier Relationship Management) SAP Innovation Sourcing and procurement analytics SAP Ariba
PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) SAP Innovation Manages product data from design through delivery SAP Enterprise Product Development
SCM (Supply Chain Management) SAP Innovation End-to-end supply chain operations SAP IBP & SAP S/4HANA Supply Chain
TM (Transportation Management) SAP Innovation Logistics and freight planning/execution SAP S/4HANA Transportation Mgmt
EHS (Environment, Health & Safety) SAP Innovation Compliance and safety management SAP S/4HANA EHS
GRC (Governance, Risk & Compliance) Acquisition (Virsa Systems) Compliance and risk management SAP GRC Suite (S/4HANA compatible)
Ariba (Procurement Network) Acquisition (2012) Cloud-based sourcing and supplier collaboration SAP Ariba
Concur (Expense Management) Acquisition (2014) Travel and expense automation SAP Concur
Fieldglass (External Workforce) Acquisition (2014) Vendor and contingent workforce management SAP Fieldglass
SuccessFactors (HCM Cloud) Acquisition (2011) Cloud suite for HR and talent management Replacing SAP ERP HCM
Qualtrics (Experience Mgmt) Acquisition (2018, spun off 2021) Customer and employee feedback Still integrates with SAP suite

✅ SAP to Oracle ERP Mapping: Business Process, Module & Data Object

 

SAP to Oracle ERP Mapping

🔄 SAP to Oracle ERP: Business Process Mapping

🔧 Icon SAP Business Process Oracle ERP Equivalent SAP Key Data Objects Oracle Key Data Objects
👥 Hire to Retire (H2R) HCM Cloud (Core HR, Payroll) Employee Master, Org Unit, Infotypes Person Record, Assignment, Payroll Run
📦 Procure to Pay (P2P) Procurement Cloud, Payables Purchase Requisition, PO, Vendor Master Requisition, Purchase Order, Supplier, Invoice
💰 Order to Cash (O2C) Order Management, Receivables Sales Order, Delivery, Billing Document Sales Order, AR Invoice, Customer Account
📊 Record to Report (R2R) General Ledger, Accounting Hub GL Account, Journal Entry, Cost Center Journal, Ledger, COA, Business Unit
🏗️ Project to Profit (P2P) Project Management, Project Costing WBS Element, Network Activity, Project Project, Task, Contract, Project Cost
🏭 Manufacture to Inventory (M2I) Manufacturing Cloud, Inventory Production Order, Work Center, BOM Work Order, Item Structure, Inventory Txn
🛠️ Asset Lifecycle Management Fixed Assets, Maintenance Cloud Asset Master, Equipment, Depreciation Area Asset, Maintenance Work Order, Book
📅 Time and Expense Time & Labor, Expenses Time Infotype, Expense Report Time Entry, Expense Line, Approval Flow
📜 Compliance & Audit GRC Cloud, Risk Management Control Object, Audit Plan Risk, Audit Finding, Control Test

SAP Systems – Business Process and Data Object Mapping

SAP Business Process CRUD Mapping

📘 SAP Business Processes, Data Objects & CRUD Mapping

System Business Process Data Object Description CRUD
SAP ECC / S/4HANAOrder to Cash (O2C)Sales OrderCustomer sales transaction requestC, R, U, D
DeliveryLogistics execution for deliveryC, R, U
Billing DocumentGenerated invoice for goods/servicesC, R, D
SAP ECC / S/4HANAProcure to Pay (P2P)Purchase OrderAuthorization for purchase of goods/servicesC, R, U, D
Goods ReceiptConfirmation of receipt of goodsC, R
Vendor InvoiceInvoice issued by vendor for paymentC, R, D
SAP S/4HANARecord to Report (R2R)Journal EntryRecord of financial transactionsC, R, D
GL AccountChart of accounts line itemC, R, U
SuccessFactorsHire to Retire (H2R)Employee ProfileMaster data for employeesC, R, U, D
Job RequisitionRequest to fill open positionC, R, U, D
Performance ReviewEvaluation record of employeeC, R, U
AribaSource to ContractSourcing RequestInitiation of sourcing processC, R, U, D
Supplier ProfileVendor details for procurementC, R, U
AribaProcure to Pay (P2P)Ariba Purchase RequisitionRequest for material or serviceC, R, U, D